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What is Bayesian analysis?
Bayesian analysis is a statistical analysis that answers research questions about unknown parameters
of statistical models by using probability statements. Bayesian analysis rests on the assumption that
all model parameters are random quantities and thus are subjects to prior knowledge. This assumption
is in sharp contrast with the more traditional, also called frequentist, statistical inference where all
parameters are considered unknown but fixed quantities. Bayesian analysis follows a simple rule
of probability, the Bayes rule, which provides a formalism for combining prior information with
evidence from the data at hand. The Bayes rule is used to form the so called posterior distribution of
model parameters. The posterior distribution results from updating the prior knowledge about model
parameters with evidence from the observed data. Bayesian analysis uses the posterior distribution to
form various summaries for the model parameters including point estimates such as posterior means,
medians, percentiles, and interval estimates such as credible intervals. Moreover, all statistical tests
about model parameters can be expressed as probability statements based on the estimated posterior
distribution.

Stata是一款完整的、集成的统计软件包,提供您需要的一切数据分析、数据管理和图形。
统计功能介绍
Stata使得大量的统计工具用于指尖
标准方法,如
基本表格和总结
案例对照分析
ARIMA
ANOVA 和MANOVA
线性回归
时间序列平滑
广义线性模型(GLM)
聚类分析
对比和比较
功率分析
样本选择
……
方法,如
多层模型
生存分析
动态面板数据回归
结构方程建模
二进制,计数和审查结果
ARCH
多重替代法
调查数据
Treatment effects
统计
贝叶斯分析
……
Stata是一个统计分析软件,但它也具有很强的程序语言功能,这给用户提供了一个广阔的开发应用的天地,用户可以充分发挥自己的聪明才智,熟练应用各种技巧,真正做到随心所欲。事实上,Stata的ado文件(统计部分)都是用Stata自己的语言编写的。
Stata其统计分析能力远远**过了SPSS,在许多方面也**过了SAS!由于Stata在分析时是将数据全部读入内存,在计算全部完成后才和磁盘交换数据,因此计算速度较快(一般来说, SAS的运算速度要比SPSS至少快一个数量级,而Stata的某些模块和执行同样功能的SAS模块比,其速度又比SAS快将近一个数量级!)Stata也是采用命令行方式来操作,但使用上远比SAS简单。其生存数据分析、纵向数据(重复测量数据)分析等模块的功能甚至**过了SAS。用Stata绘制的统计图形相当精美,很有特色。
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All of these sequences could have been generated in one line with generate and with the use of
the int and mod functions. The variables b through e are obtained with
. gen b = 1 + int((_n - 1)/2)
. gen c = 1 + mod(_n - 1, 6)
. gen d = 10 + mod(_n - 1, 3)
. gen e = 3 - mod(_n - 1, 3)
Nevertheless, seq() may save users from puzzling out such solutions or from typing in the needed
values.
In general, the sequences produced depend on the sort order of observations, following three rules:
1. observations excluded by if or in are not counted;
2. observations are sorted by varlist, if specified; and
3. otherwise, the order is that specified when seq() is called.

Building a reliable Bayesian model requires extensive experience from the researchers, which leads
to the second difficulty in Bayesian analysis—setting up a Bayesian model and performing analysis
is a demanding and involving task. This is true, however, to an extent for any statistical modeling
procedure.
Lastly, one of the main disadvantages of Bayesian analysis is the computational cost. As a rule,
Bayesian analysis involves intractable integrals that can only be computed using intensive numerical
methods. Most of these methods such as MCMC are stochastic by nature and do not comply with
the natural expectation from a user of obtaining deterministic results. Using simulation methods does
not compromise the discussed advantages of Bayesian approach, but unquestionably adds to the
complexity of its application in practice.
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