Stata 16 New in Bayesian analysis—Multiple chains, predictions, and more
Multiple chains.
Bayesian inference based on an MCMC (Markov chain Monte Carlo) sample is valid only if the Markov chain has converged. One way we can evaluate this convergence is to simulate and compare multiple chains.
The new nchains() option can be used with both the bayes: prefix and the bayesmh command. For instance, you type
. bayes, nchains(4): regress y x1 x2
and four chains will be produced. The chains will be combined to produce a more accurate final result. Before interpreting the result, however, you can compare the chains graphically to evaluate convergence. You can also evaluate convergence using the Gelman–Rubin convergence diagnostic that is now reported by bayes: regress and other Bayesian estimation commands when multiple chains are simulated. When you are concerned about noncovergence, you can investigate further using the bayesstats grubin command to obtain individual Gelman–Rubin diagnostics for each parameter in your model.
Bayesian predictions.
Bayesian predictions are simulated values from the posterior predictive distribution. These predictions are useful for checking model fit and for predicting out-of-sample observations. After you fit a model with bayesmh, you can use bayespredict to compute these simulated values or functions of them and save those in a new Stata dataset. For instance, you can type
. bayespredict (ymin:@min({_ysim})) (ymax:@max({_ysim})), saving(yminmax)
to compute minimums and maximums of the simulated values. You can then use other postestimation commands such as bayesgraph to obtain summaries of the predictions.
The dataset created by bayespredict may include thousands of simulated values for each observation in your dataset. Sometimes, you do not need all of these individual values. To instead obtain posterior summaries such as posterior means or medians, you can use bayespredict, pmean or bayespredict, pmedian. Alternatively, you may be interested in a random sample of the simulated values. You can use, for instance, bayesreps, nreps(100) to obtain 100 replicates.
Finally, you may want to evaluate model goodness of fit using posterior predictive p-values, also known as PPPs or as Bayesian predictive p-values. PPPs measure agreement between observed and replicated data and can be computed using the new bayesstats ppvalues command. For instance, using our earlier example
. bayesstats ppvalues {ymin} {ymax} using yminmax
Stata是一款完整的、集成的统计软件包，提供您需要的一切数据分析、数据管理和图形。
统计功能介绍
Stata使得大量的统计工具用于指尖
标准方法，如
基本表格和总结
案例对照分析
ARIMA
ANOVA 和MANOVA
线性回归
时间序列平滑
广义线性模型（GLM）
聚类分析
对比和比较
功率分析
样本选择
……
高级方法，如
多层模型
生存分析
动态面板数据回归
结构方程建模
二进制，计数和审查结果
ARCH
多重替代法
调查数据
Treatment effects
精确统计
贝叶斯分析
……
Stata是一个统计分析软件，但它也具有很强的程序语言功能，这给用户提供了一个广阔的开发应用的天地，用户可以充分发挥自己的聪明才智，熟练应用各种技巧，真正做到随心所欲。事实上，Stata的ado文件（高级统计部分）都是用Stata自己的语言编写的。
Stata其统计分析能力远远**过了SPSS，在许多方面也**过了SAS！由于Stata在分析时是将数据全部读入内存，在计算全部完成后才和磁盘交换数据，因此计算速度较快（一般来说， SAS的运算速度要比SPSS至少快一个数量级，而Stata的某些模块和执行同样功能的SAS模块比，其速度又比SAS快将近一个数量级！）Stata也是采用命令行方式来操作，但使用上远比SAS简单。其生存数据分析、纵向数据（重复测量数据）分析等模块的功能甚至**过了SAS。用Stata绘制的统计图形相当精美，很有特色。
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Sample-size analysis for confidence intervals in Stata 16
The new ciwidth command performs Precision and Sample Size (PrSS) analysis, which is sample-size analysis for confidence intervals (CIs). This method is used when you are planning a study and you want to optimally allocate resources when CIs are to be used for inference. Said differently, you use this method when you want to estimate the sample size required to achieve the desired precision of a CI in a planned study.
ciwidth produces sample sizes, precision, and more that are required for the
• CI for one mean
• CI for one variance
• CI for two independent means
• CI for two paired means
The control panel interface lets you select the analysis type and input assumptions to obtain desired results.
ciwidth allows results to be displayed in customizable tables and graphs.
ciwidth also provides facilities for you to add your own methods.
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