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Language Basics - This part introduces the components of the GAMS language in an ordered way, interspersed
with detailed examples that are often drawn from the model library. All models from the model library are enclosed
in square parenthesis (for example, [TRNSPORT]). Some specialized material has deliberately been omitted in this
process because the primary aim is to make GAMS accessible to the widest possible audience, especially those without
extensive experience with computers or mathematical programming systems. Some familiarity with quantitative
methods and mathematical representations is assumed.
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The relational operators have the following meanings:
=l= less than or equal to
=g= greater than or equal to
=e= equal to
7 Objective Function 17
• It is important to understand the difference between the symbols '=' and '=e='. The '=' symbol is used only in direct
assignments, and the '=e=' symbol is used only in equation definitions. These two contexts are very different. A direct
assignment gives a desired value to a parameter before the solver is called. An equation definition also describes a
desired relationship, but it cannot be satisfied until after the solver is called. It follows that equation definitions must
contain variables and direct assignments must not.
• Variables can appear on the left or right-hand side of an equation or both. The same variable can appear in an equation
more than once. The GAMS processor will automatically convert the equation to its equivalent standard form (variables
on the left, no duplicate appearances) before calling the solver.
• An equation definition can appear anywhere in the GAMS input, provided the equation and all variables and parameters
to which it refers are previously declared. (Note that it is permissible for a parameter appearing in the equation to be
assigned or reassigned a value after the definition. This is useful when doing multiple model runs with one GAMS
input.) The equations need not be defined in the same order in which they are declared.
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Equations
The power of algebraic modeling languages like GAMS is most apparent in the creation of the equations and inequalities that
comprise the model under construction. This is because whenever a group of equations or inequalities has the same algebraic
structure, all the members of the group are created simultaneously, not individually.
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Variables
The decision variables (or endogenous variables ) of a GAMS-expressed model must be declared with a Variables statement.
Each variable is given a name, a domain if appropriate, and (optionally) text. The transportation model contains the following
example of a Variables statement.
Variables
x(i,j) shipment quantities in cases
z total transportation costs in thousands of dollars ;
This statement results in the declaration of a shipment variable for each (i,j) pair. (You will see in Chapter Equations, how
GAMS can handle the typical real-world situation in which only a subset of the (i,j) pairs is allowable for shipment.)
The z variable is declared without a domain because it is a scalar quantity. Every GAMS optimization model must contain
one such variable to serve as the quantity to be minimized or maximized.
Once declared, every variable must be assigned a type. The permissible types are given in table Table 3.
Table 3 : Permissible variable types
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