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Model Library
When architects begin to design a new building, they develop the new structure by using ideas and techniques that have been
tested in previous structures. The same is true in other fields: design elements from previous projects serve as sources of
ideas for new developments.
From the early stages of the development of GAMS we have collected models to be used in a library of examples. Many of
these are standard textbook examples and can be used in classes on problem formulation or to illustrate points about GAMS.
Others are models that have been used in policy or sector analysis and are interesting for both the methods and the data they
use. All the substantive models in the library are described in the open literature. A collection of models is now included
with all GAMS systems, along with a database to help users locate examples that cover countries, sectors, or topics of interest
to them.
The syntax used to introduce features in the various chapters are presented using the Backus-Naur form (BNF) notation
where:
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The variable that serves as the quantity to be optimized must be a scalar and must be of the free type. In our transportation
example, z is kept free by default, but x(i,j) is constrained to non-negativity by the following statement.
Positive variable x ;
Note that the domain of x should not be repeated in the type assignment. All entries in the domain automatically have the
same variable type.
Section The .lo, .l, .up, .m Database describes how to assign lower bounds, upper bounds, and initial values to variables
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1. A GAMS model is a collection of statements in the GAMS Language. The only rule governing the ordering of
statements is that an entity of the model cannot be referenced before it is declared to exist.
2. GAMS statements may be laid out typographically in almost any style that is appealing to the user. Multiple lines per
statement, embedded blank lines, and multiple statements per line are allowed. You will get a good idea of what is
allowed from the examples in this tutorial, but precise rules of the road are given in the next Chapter.
3. When you are a beginning GAMS user, you should terminate every statement with a semicolon, as in our examples.
The GAMS compiler does not distinguish between upper-and lowercase letters, so you are free to use either.
4. Documentation is crucial to the usefulness of mathematical models. It is more useful (and most likely to be accurate)
if it is embedded within the model itself rather than written up separately. There are at least two ways to insert
documentation within a GAMS model. First, any line that starts with an asterisk in column 1 is disregarded as a
comment line by the GAMS compiler. Second, perhaps more important, documentary text can be inserted within
specific GAMS statements. All the lowercase words in the transportation model are examples of the second form of
documentation.
5. As you can see from the list of input components above, the creation of GAMS entities involves two steps: a declaration
and an assignment or definition. Declaration means declaring the existence of something and giving it a name.
Assignment or definition means giving something a specific value or form. In the case of equations, you must make the
declaration and definition in separate GAMS statements. For all other GAMS entities, however, you have the option of
making declarations and assignments in the same statement or separately.
6. The names
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Here are some points to remember.
• The power to create multiple equations with a single GAMS statement is controlled by the domain. For example, the
definition for the demand constraint will result in the creation of one constraint for each element of the domain j, as
shown in the following excerpt from the GAMS output.
DEMAND(new-york)..X(seattle,new-york) + X(san-diego,new-york)=G=325 ;
DEMAND(chicago).. X(seattle,chicago) + X(san-diego,chicago) =G=300 ;
DEMAND(topeka).. X(seattle,topeka) + X(san-diego,topeka) =G=275 ;
• The key idea here is that the definition of the demand constraints is exactly the same whether we are solving the
toy-sized example above or a 20,000-node real-world problem. In either case, the user enters one generic equation
algebraically, and GAMS creates the specific equations that are appropriate for the model instance at hand. (Using
some other optimization packages, something like the extract above would be part of the input, not the output.)
• In many real-world problems, some of the members of an equation domain need to be omitted or differentiated from the
pattern of the others because of an exception of some kind. GAMS can readily accommodate this loss of structure using
a powerful feature known as the dollar or 'such-that' operator, which is not illustrated here. The domain restriction
feature can be absolutely essential for keeping the size of a real-world model within the range of solvability.
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