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Panel-data ERMs
Extended regression models (ERMs) were a big new feature last release. The ERM commands fit models that account for three common problems that arise in observational data—endogenous covariates, sample selection, and treatment—either alone or in combination.
In Stata 16, we introduce the xteregress, xteintreg, xteprobit, and xteoprobit commands for fitting panel-data ERMs. This means ERMs can now account for the three problems we mentioned above and for within-panel correlation. These new commands fit random-effects linear, interval, probit, and ordered probit regression models. They allow random effects in one or all equations, and they allow random effects to be correlated across equations.
Researchers from all disciplines who work with observational (nonexperimental) data are interested in ERMs and will be excited about the new panel-data versions of these commands. However, different disciplines talk about these models differently.
Above, we referred to the problems ERMs solve as endogenous covariates, sample selection, treatment, and within-panel correlation. While this terminology is common in some disciplines such as economics, other disciplines may use other terms.
• Instead of panel-data and within-panel correlation, researchers may ask for models for multilevel (two-level) data that account for within-group correlation.
• Instead of endogenous covariates, researchers may ask for methods of dealing with unobserved confounding or unmeasured confounding.
• Instead of sample selection, researchers may be concerned about trials with informative dropout, nonignorable nonresponse, or outcomes missing not at random (MNAR).
• Instead of treatment, researchers may ask about methods for causal inference or estimating average treatment effects (ATEs).
The important message is that all disciplines are interested in ERMs, but they often speak different languages.

In Stata 16, we introduce a new, unified suite of commands for modeling choice data. We have added new commands for summarizing choice data. We renamed and improved existing commands for fitting choice models. We even added a new command for fitting mixed logit models for panel data. And we document them together in the new Choice Models Reference Manual.
And here’s the best part: margins now works after fitting choice models. This means you can now easily interpret the results of your choice models. While the coefficients estimated in choice models are often almost uninterpretable, margins allows you to ask and answer very specific questions based on your results. Say that you are modeling choice of transportation. You can answer questions such as
• What proportion of travelers are expected to choose air travel?
• How does the probability of traveling by car change for each additional $10,000 in income?
• If wait times at the airport increase by 30 minutes, how does this affect the choice of each mode of transportation?
What else is new? You now cmset your data before fitting a choice model. For instance,
. cmset personid transportmethod
Then, you use cmsummarize, cmchoiceset, cmtab, and cmsample to explore, summarize, and look for potential problems in your data.
And you use cm estimation commands to fit one of the following choice models:
• cmclogit conditional logit (McFadden’s choice) model
• cmmixlogit mixed logit model
• cmxtmixlogit panel-data mixed logit model
• cmmprobit multinomial probit model
• cmroprobit rank-ordered probit model
• cmrologit rank-ordered logit model
Unlike the others, cmxtmixlogit is not renamed and improved. It is completely new in Stata 16, and

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otherwise—without the prior written permission of StataCorp LP unless permitted subject to the terms and conditions
of a license granted to you by StataCorp LP to use the software and documentation. No license, express or implied,
by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted by this document.
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