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Advantages and disadvantages of Bayesian analysis
Bayesian analysis is a powerful analytical tool for statistical modeling, interpretation of results,
and prediction of data. It can be used when there are no standard frequentist methods available or
the existing frequentist methods fail. However, one should be aware of both the advantages and
disadvantages of Bayesian analysis before applying it to a specific problem.
The universality of the Bayesian approach is probably its main methodological advantage to the
traditional frequentist approach. Bayesian inference is based on a single rule of probability, the Bayes
rule, which is applied to all parametric models. This makes the Bayesian approach universal and
greatly facilitates its application and interpretation. The frequentist approach, however, relies on a
variety of estimation methods designed for specific statistical problems and models. Often, inferential
methods designed for one class of problems cannot be applied to another class of models.

Frequentist hypothesis testing is based on a deterministic decision using a prespecified significance
level of whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis based on the observed data, assuming that
the null hypothesis is actually true. The decision is based on a p-value computed from the observed
data. The interpretation of the p-value is that if we repeat the same experiment and use the same
testing procedure many times, then given our null hypothesis is true, we will observe the result (test
statistic) as extreme or more extreme than the one observed in the sample (100 p-value)% of the
times. The p-value cannot be interpreted as a probability of the null hypothesis, which is a common
misinterpretation. In fact, it answers the question of how likely are our data given that the null
hypothesis is true, and not how likely is the null hypothesis given our data. The latter question can
be answered by Bayesian hypothesis testing, where we can compute the probability of any hypothesis
of interest.

讲座主题:因果推断: 内生性问题与工具变量法
讲座时间:5月19日15:00-16:00
讲座概述:因果推断模型与方法是现代社会科学研究者利用计量模型发表高水平实证论文的核心利器。其中,工具变量法则举足轻重,是计量研究中无法避开的挑战之一。此专题就内生性问题与解决路径、工具变量选择的方法及分类、工具变量的检验及工具变量回归模型(2SLS+GMM)等进行专题讨论,探讨工具变量法的基本思想、原理、模型、方法及适用范围,并以真实数据为演示案例,分享因果推断的思辨、工具变量回归模型的构建、应用及结果解读的路径,为发表高水平的实证研究论文奠定基础。

Panel-data ERMs
Extended regression models (ERMs) were a big new feature last release. The ERM commands fit models that account for three common problems that arise in observational data—endogenous covariates, sample selection, and treatment—either alone or in combination.
In Stata 16, we introduce the xteregress, xteintreg, xteprobit, and xteoprobit commands for fitting panel-data ERMs. This means ERMs can now account for the three problems we mentioned above and for within-panel correlation. These new commands fit random-effects linear, interval, probit, and ordered probit regression models. They allow random effects in one or all equations, and they allow random effects to be correlated across equations.
Researchers from all disciplines who work with observational (nonexperimental) data are interested in ERMs and will be excited about the new panel-data versions of these commands. However, different disciplines talk about these models differently.
Above, we referred to the problems ERMs solve as endogenous covariates, sample selection, treatment, and within-panel correlation. While this terminology is common in some disciplines such as economics, other disciplines may use other terms.
• Instead of panel-data and within-panel correlation, researchers may ask for models for multilevel (two-level) data that account for within-group correlation.
• Instead of endogenous covariates, researchers may ask for methods of dealing with unobserved confounding or unmeasured confounding.
• Instead of sample selection, researchers may be concerned about trials with informative dropout, nonignorable nonresponse, or outcomes missing not at random (MNAR).
• Instead of treatment, researchers may ask about methods for causal inference or estimating average treatment effects (ATEs).
The important message is that all disciplines are interested in ERMs, but they often speak different languages.
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