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Bayesian and frequentist approaches have very different philosophies about what is considered fixed
and, therefore, have very different interpretations of the results. The Bayesian approach assumes that
the observed data sample is fixed and that model parameters are random. The posterior distribution
of parameters is estimated based on the observed data and the prior distribution of parameters and is
used for inference. The frequentist approach assumes that the observed data are a repeatable random
sample and that parameters are unknown but fixed and constant across the repeated samples. The
inference is based on the sampling distribution of the data or of the data characteristics (statistics). In
other words, Bayesian analysis answers questions based on the distribution of parameters conditional
on the observed sample, whereas frequentist analysis answers questions based on the distribution of
statistics obtained from repeated hypothetical samples, which would be generated by the same process
that produced the observed sample given that parameters are unknown but fixed. Frequentist analysis
consequently requires that the process that generated the observed data is repeatable. This assumption
may not always be feasible. For example, in meta-analysis, where the observed sample represents the
collected studies of interest, one may argue that the collection of studies is a one-time experiment.

Stata是一款完整的、集成的统计软件包,提供您需要的一切数据分析、数据管理和图形。
快速,简单并易于使用
点击式的界面和强大,直观的命令语言让Stata使用起来快速,并易于使用。
所有的分析结果都可以被复制和存档,并用来出版和审查。不管您什么时候写的内容,版本控制系统确保统计程序可继续生成同样的结果。
Stata的统计功能很强,除了传统的统计分析方法外,还收集了近20年发展起来的新方法,如Cox比例风险回归,指数与Weibull回归,多类结果与有序结果的logistic回归,Poisson回归,负二项回归及广义负二项回归,随机效应模型等。具体说, Stata具有如下统计分析能力:
数值变量资料的一般分析:参数估计,t检验,单因素和多因素的方差分析,协方差分析,交互效应模型,平衡和非平衡设计,嵌套设计,随机效应,多个均数的两两比较,缺项数据的处理,方差齐性检验,正态性检验,变量变换等。
分类资料的一般分析:参数估计,列联表分析 ( 列联系数,确切概率 ) ,流行病学表格分析等。
等级资料的一般分析:秩变换,秩和检验,秩相关等
相关与回归分析:简单相关,偏相关,典型相关,以及多达数十种的回归分析方法,如多元线性回归,逐步回归,加权回归,稳键回归,二阶段回归,百分位数 ( 中位数 ) 回归,残差分析、强影响点分析,曲线拟合,随机效应的线性回归模型等。
其他方法:质量控制,整群抽样的设计效率,诊断试验评价, kappa等。
使用Mata进行矩阵编程
Mata是一个成熟的编程语言,可编译您所输入的任何字节,并进行优化和准确执行。
尽管您不需要使用Stata进行编程,但是它作为一个快速完成矩阵的编程语言,是Stata功能中不可或缺的一部分。Mata既是一个操作矩阵的互动环境,也是一个完整开发环境,可以生产编译和优化代码。它还包含了一些功能来处理面板数据、执行真实或复制的矩阵运算,提供完整的支持面向对象的编程,并完全兼容Stata。
跨平台兼容
Stata可在Windows,Mac和Linux/Unix电脑上运行,但是license不需要区分电脑系统。也就是说,如果您有一台Mac系统的电脑和一台Windows系统的电脑,您不需要2个license来运行Stata。您可以安装在任意支持的系统中安装Stata软件。Stata数据集、程序以及其他的数据*翻译就可以跨平台的共享。您还可以从其他的统计软件、电子报表和数据库中轻松而快速的导入数据。

The principles of Bayesian analysis date back to the work of Thomas Bayes, who was a Presbyterian
minister in Tunbridge Wells and Pierre Laplace, a French mathematician, astronomer, and physicist in
the 18th century. Bayesian analysis started as a simple intuitive rule, named after Bayes, for updating
beliefs on account of some evidence. For the next 200 years, however, Bayes’s rule was an
obscure idea. Along with the rapid development of the standard or frequentist statistics in 20th century,
Bayesian methodology was also developing, although with less attention and at a slower pace. One
of the obstacles for the progress of Bayesian ideas has been the lasting opinion among mainstream
statisticians of it being subjective. Another more-tangible problem for adopting Bayesian models in
practice has been the lack of adequate computational resources. Nowadays, Bayesian statistics is
widely accepted by researchers and practitioners as a valuable and feasible alternative.
Bayesian analysis proliferates in diverse areas including industry and government, but its application
in sciences and engineering is particularly visible. Bayesian statistical inference is used in econometrics
(Poirier [1995]; Chernozhukov and Hong [2003]; Kim, Shephard, and Chib [1998], Zellner [1997]);
education (Johnson 1997); epidemiology (Greenland 1998); engineering (Godsill and Rayner 1998);
genetics (Iversen, Parmigiani, and Berry 1999); social sciences (Pollard 1986); hydrology (Parent
et al. 1998); quality management (Rios Insua 1990); atmospheric sciences (Berliner et al. 1999); and
law (DeGroot, Fienberg, and Kadane 1986), to name a few.

快速,简单并易于使用
点击式的界面和强大,直观的命令语言让Stata使用起来快速,并易于使用。
所有的分析结果都可以被复制和存档,并用来出版和审查。不管您什么时候写的内容,版本控制系统确保统计程序可
继续生成同样的结果。
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