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Advantages and disadvantages of Bayesian analysis
Bayesian analysis is a powerful analytical tool for statistical modeling, interpretation of results,
and prediction of data. It can be used when there are no standard frequentist methods available or
the existing frequentist methods fail. However, one should be aware of both the advantages and
disadvantages of Bayesian analysis before applying it to a specific problem.
The universality of the Bayesian approach is probably its main methodological advantage to the
traditional frequentist approach. Bayesian inference is based on a single rule of probability, the Bayes
rule, which is applied to all parametric models. This makes the Bayesian approach universal and
greatly facilitates its application and interpretation. The frequentist approach, however, relies on a
variety of estimation methods designed for specific statistical problems and models. Often, inferential
methods designed for one class of problems cannot be applied to another class of models.

As a quick introduction to Bayesian analysis, we use an example, described in Hoff (2009, 3),
of estimating the prevalence of a rare infectious disease in a small city. A small random sample of
20 subjects from the city will be checked for infection. The parameter of interest 2 [0; 1] is the
fraction of infected individuals in the city. Outcome y records the number of infected individuals in
the sample. A reasonable sampling model for y is a binomial model: yj Binomial(20; ). Based
on the studies from other comparable cities, the infection rate ranged between 0.05 and 0.20, with
an average prevalence of 0.10. To use this information, we must conduct Bayesian analysis. This
information can be incorporated into a Bayesian model with a prior distribution for , which assigns
a large probability between 0.05 and 0.20, with the expected value of close to 0.10. One potential
prior that satisfies this condition is a Beta(2; 20) prior with the expected value of 2=(2+20) = 0.09.
So, let’s assume this prior for the infection rate , that is, Beta(2; 20). We sample individuals
and observe none who have an infection, that is, y = 0. This value is not that uncommon for a small
sample and a rare disease. For example, for a true rate = 0.05, the probability of observing 0
infections in a sample of 20 individuals is about 36% according to the binomial distribution. So, our
Bayesian model can be defined as follows:

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In Bayesian analysis, we can use previous information, either belief or experimental evidence, in
a data model to acquire more balanced results for a particular problem. For example, incorporating
prior information can mitigate the effect of a small sample size. Importantly, the use of the prior
evidence is achieved in a theoretically sound and principled way.
By using the knowledge of the entire posterior distribution of model parameters, Bayesian inference
is far more comprehensive and flexible than the traditional inference.
Bayesian inference is exact, in the sense that estimation and prediction are based on the posterior
distribution. The latter is either known analytically or can be estimated numerically with an arbitrary
precision. In contrast, many frequentist estimation procedures such as maximum likelihood rely on
the assumption of asymptotic normality for inference.
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